Nutritional balance is an important factor in improving the yield and quality of horticultural products. In this regard, an assessment of soil fertility, determining Optimum fertilizer need and an analysis of nutritional balance in peach orchards are essential. Foliar analysis is a suitable method for evaluating the nutritional status of peach orchards. The method of Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) is a new and easy method compared to the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) method in the interpretation of foliar analysis and its index for individual nutrients is easily calculated. Leaf samples were collected from 61 peach orchards throughout the province during July 2009 and 2010 and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu concentrations. The DOP index was calculated for each of the analyzed elements by applying the following general formula: DOP= [(C × 100) /Cref] - 100, where C is the nutrient concentration in the sample and Cref is the nutrient concentration in the high yielding orchards foliar samples. The indices of DOP were computed for the low yielding orchards. The results showed that the average order of nutrients requirement in these orchards is as following: P>Ca>Mn>K>Fe>Cu>Zn>Mg>N.

Nutritional balance of crops is one of the most important factors which affect the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops. The method of Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) is one of the suitable methods in interpret the results of the nutrients analysis in crops, the nutrients requirements and the nutritional balance status in crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of sugarcane by the DOP method in 25 plant fields, 72 first ratoon fields and 44 second ratoon fields in Hakim Farabi Agro Industry Company, Khuzestan province. Leaf samples were collected from studied fields and concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were measured. In order to interpret the nutrient concentration data and assess the nutritional status of sugarcane, the fields were divided into two groups with high and low yield. Then nutrient norms, nutrient DOP indices and nutritional balance index (∑DOP) were calculated. The results indicated that in the low yield fields, K and P (as macronutrients) had more negative indices, as well as Fe and Zn (as micronutrients). Based on DOP indices, the order of crop nutrients requirement in low yield fields were as K>P>Mg>Ca>N, K>P>N>Mg>Ca and P>K>N>Mg>Ca in plant, first ratoon and second ratoon, respectively. In general, fertilizer inappropriate management resulted to the imbalance of nutritional in sugarcane that it affect sugarcane yield. Therefore, balanced and optimal fertilization with integrated application of chemical, organic and biological fertilizers should be considered in sugarcane fields.

There are many problems in yield, quality and persistence regular bearing in olive trees, one of these problems is nutritional imbalances. This study was carried out in order to evaluate nutritional status of olive orchards in Tarom region of Zanjan province. Samples of soil and leaf were taken from 79 olive orchards in June 2012 and 2013 and analyzed by using appropriate laboratory methods. Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) for each nutrient was calculated. The Optimum concentration of nutrients in leaves of orchards with high yield for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were 1.8, 0.1, 1.2, 1 and 0.275%, respectively and for manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and boron (B) were 20, 25, 4 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the average order of nutrients requirement according to DOP in the orchards is B>Mg>K>N>Zn>Mn>P>Ca>Cu. On the other hand all orchards with low yield, in terms of nutrient is in unbalanced status and nitrogen deficiency in 36%, potassium in 84%, magnesium in 93%, zinc in 35% and boron in 95% is predictable.

Deviation from the Optimum Percentage (DOP) is an important method for interpretation of the results of chemical analysis and diagnosis of nutritional status of plants. In order to evaluate the nutritional status of squash (Lagenaria Vulgaris) through DOP, 122 leaf samples were collected from squash fields of Khoy region and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B were analyzed. The squash fields were divided into high and low yielding groups. The mean of nutrients concentration in high yielding-fields was selected as norms for the calculation of DOP indices. DOP indices showed that macro-and micro nutrients requirement as follow K>P>Mg>Ca>N and Zn>Fe>B>Cu>Mn respectively. So nitrogen had the most positive index but potassium and zinc had the most negative indices among nutrients. DOP nutritional balance index was much more than zero indicating nutritional imbalance in this region. Finally, it was concluded that K and Zn deficiencies are more critical in reduction of the squash yield and the application of their fertilizers can improve growth and yield of squash in the region...

Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) can be used as an efficient method to interpret the results of plant analysis and the nutritional requirements of agricultural and horticultural crops. To determine the DOP norms and evaluation nutritional status of watermelon, leaf samples were collected from 150 fields of watermelon in west Azerbaijan; and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B were determined. The fields were divided into high-yielding (23% of fields, ³ 40.5 ton ha-1) and low-yielding (77% of fields;<40.5 ton ha-1) subgroup and DOP norms were calculated using standard DOP procedure. The Optimum concentration of nutrients in leaves of watermelon were obtained as follows: for nitrogen (%2.8), phosphorus (%0.25), potassium (%2.4), calcium (%1) and magnesium %0.47), iron (106 mg kg-1) manganese (83 mg kg-1), zinc (45 mg kg-1), copper (15 mg kg-1) and boron (30 mg kg-1) Among macronutrients, nitrogen and potassium had highest negative indices in 95% and 93% of the studied fields, respectively and among micronutrients, zinc and iron were in 84% and 72% as well. Based on DOP indices, the order of plant nutrients requirement were determined as N>K>Mg>P>Ca for macronutrients and as Zn>Fe>B>Cu>Mn for micronutrients. Plants have high nutritional balance index (NBI) indicating relatively imbalance of absorbed nutrients by watermelon and imbalance fertilizer application in the studied fields.

Tissue analysis is a useful tool for evaluation and optimizing nutrients for sugar beet using Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) methods. In order to evaluate the nutritional status of sugar beet farms in Kermanshah Province, this project was conducted in two cropping seasons (2018-21). In each year, 30 different farms with different ranges of soil properties were selected in each region. The project database for the first and second seasons was completed and analyzed and DOP and CND indices were calculated for each nutrient element. Compared with the critical nutrient concentration in Kermanshah Province, the results showed that 85%, 10%, 97. 5%, 67%, 93%, 100%, and 5% of farms were deficient in phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc, boron and copper, respectively. The average sugar beet yield in this region was about 67. 6 t/ha. Selected sugar beet farms were divided into two groups of high and low yields. The results of CND and DOP indices in the Kermanshah province showed that Mg, P, N and K deficiencies were more prevalent among macro-elements and Fe, Mn and Zn deficiencies were observed among micro-elements. However, there was a difference between the two methods in terms of the content of N, Mn, and Fe among the deficient elements. There was a significant correlation (0. 48) between nutritional balance index and yield at 1% probability level. The results obtained in this study can be used to increase the yield and improve the quality of sugar beet in each of the regions.

Introduction: Because leaf is the main and most important organ of plant metabolism, therefore, its analysis and interpretation of the results using standard methods, can help to provide an optimal fertilizer program. There are different methods for interpreting the results of decomposition of plant leaves, including critical concentration values and sufficiency ranges. The main drawback of these methods is that only the concentrations of each nutrients are considered and the balance of these nutrients is not considered. The DOP is one of the most up-to-date methods for interpreting the results of leaf decomposition. In this method, the relationship between the concentration of the nutrient and the reference concentration is used instead of the mere concentration of nutrients. Due to insufficient information about the optimal level of nutrients and nutritional status of potato in Khorasan Razavi province, the present study was conducted by using the DOP index to assess the balance of nutrients and to determine the order of nutrient requirement for this plant. Materials and Methods: In order to have a database, 30 potato fields were selected from the major cultivation areas of this crop in Fariman, Torbat-e Heydarieh, and Quchan counties. Among these fields-based on questionnaires completed by farmers-those with good management and high yield (above average) were selected to determine the reference concentration. Accordingly, out of 30 surveyed fields, 16 fields were selected as reference fields and 14 fields as non-reference fields. In each field, before flowering and at the beginning of tuber formation, a composite sample of leaves (from fully developed leaves) was prepared, transferred to the laboratory, rinsed with distilled water and 20 mM EDTA solution, oven dried at 50 °, C, ground, digested and analyzed for determining the macro and micro nutrients concentrations by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)-(Perkin Elmer, 2380). According to leaf analysis results, some statistical indices, including the maximum, minimum, mean, standard Deviation, and coefficient of variation of data in both groups of reference and non-reference fields, were calculated. Furthermore, the reference concentration (Cref) and DOP indices were calculated to evaluate nutritional status of potato and priority nutrients requirement in low-yielding fields. Results and Discussion: The results of this study showed that the coefficient of variation of micronutrients was higher than that of macronutrients, stating that fertilizers containing macronutrients have been used more homogeneously by farmers, compared to those containing micronutrients. Using nutrients concentration in high yielding fields, Cref was obtained for N, P and K nutrients 4. 65, 0. 32 and 4. 28 percent respectively. In addition, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu Cref values were 190. 13, 123. 88, 35. 19 and 12. 44 mg/kg respectively. The results also showed that absolute value of DOP index for all nutrients was greater than zero, indicating imbalance of absorbed nutrients by potato. Due to the fact that the concentration of nutrients in the leaves is a function of the amount of nutrients in the soil, so these data indicate the lack of proper management and imbalance fertilizer application in the studied fields. Among macronutrients, potassium had negative indices in 36% of the studied fields while nitrogen had positive indices in 80% of the studied fields. In other words, most cultivated potatoes of Khorasan Razavi province suffer from K deficiency and excessive N. Due to consecutive cultivation, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers such as urea and low consumption of potassium fertilizers, higher amount of potassium harvested from the soil as compared with that released from the soil, potassium deficiency is observed in many potato fields. Among micronutrients, zinc had highest negative indices in 57% of the studied fields. After Zn, Fe had the most negative index (highest deficiency) in 35% of fields. Excessive consumption of phosphate fertilizers and lack of sufficient organic matter in soils are the main reasons of iron and zinc deficiency in soils and agricultural products in Razavi Khorasan province. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed an imbalance of all absorbed nutrients by potato and imbalance application of fertilizer in the studied fields. Due to the severe deficiency of K and Zn, fertilization of these two nutrients should be a priority in nutrition management programs in the province's potato fields.

Nutritional balance is an important factor in improving the yield and quality of horticultural products. Leaf analysis is a suitable method for determining the nutritional status of orchards. The method of Deviation from Optimum Percentage(DOP) is a new and easy method with regard to the interpretation of leaf analysis as compared to other methods. In this method ,an index for individual nutrients is calculated by the equation: DOP=[( C× 100)/Cref ]-100. In this equation, (DOP) is the desired index for a given nutrient, C is the leaf concentration of the nutrient in question, and Cref is the desired concentration of that nutrient as found in high performing plant samples. In this study, soil and leaf samples were taken from 40 orchards and analyzed by standard methods. The optimal concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in grape leaf were determined to be 5.05% , 0.7%, 1.42%, 1.7% and 0.4%, respectively, and for iron, manganese, zinc, copper and boron were 206.5, 110.3, 61.5, 14.6 and 33.9 mg/kg, while the DOP indices, for low yielding orchards, calculated, similarly showed that nutritional elements were imbalanced; more specifically iron, manganese, copper, potassium, zinc and boron deficiencies were prevalent in 91, 82, 82, 67, 59 and 54.5 percent of low yielding grape orchards, respectively.

Purpose: To report a case of Joubert’ s syndrome with alternating skew Deviation and lateral skew Deviation. Case report: A 18-year-old girl was referred with the chief complaint of abnormal eye movements since infancy. Some degree of oculomotor apraxia was revealed as the girl had difficulties in initiating horizontal saccades and subsequent head thrust. Periodic alternating vertical misalignment of eyes was also evident, known as alternating skew Deviation. After 3 to 5 seconds, the vertical divergence of the eyes reversed direction. Gaze to either side also resulted in hypertropia of abducting eye, known as lateral skew Deviation. MRI demonstrated hypoplasia of superior cerebellar vermis along molar tooth signs associated with Joubert syndrome. Conclusion: This report shows that alternating skew Deviation and lateral skew Deviation can be manifestations of Joubert’ s syndrome.

To study the imbalanced fertilization and to optimize fertilizer use in canola farms in the north of Khuzestan Province, Iran, we used Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) and Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) methods. This research covered 30 canola (Brassica Napus) fields during one cropping season (2019) and soil, leaf, and water samples were collected and analyzed, and grain yield was also measured. Nutritional elements including N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and leaf Mn were determined by standard laboratory methods. Yield community were divided into low and high yield groups using the cumulative function of nutrient variance ratio and K-square distribution function considering the intermediate yield of 2882 kg. ha-1. Then, according to the CND system method, the standard norms for N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and residual elements (Rd) were determined as 3. 27± 0. 14, 0. 83± 0. 17, 2. 73± 0. 2,-1. 89± 0. 13,-4. 23± 0. 53,-3. 45± 0. 3,-3. 46± 0. 26, and 3. 27± 0. 14, respectively. The results of CND system method showed that the most limiting factors in yield were K (among macro-elements) and Mn (among micro-elements). In DOP method, the Optimum levels of N, P and K were 5. 27%, 0. 44%, 2. 72%, and for Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn were 313, 37, 77, and 67 mg. kg-1 dry weight, respectively. In this method, the order of nutrient deficiency was revealed as Cu> Zn> Mn> N> Fe> P.